Using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, we analyzed amatoxins from 70 samples of Galerina and close relatives, collected in western British Columbia, Canada. We selected specimens for toxin analysis using a preliminary phylogeny of the fungal DNA barcode region, the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. This left open the question of which Galerina species contain toxins and which do not. However, Galerina’s ~300 species are notoriously difficult to identify by morphology, and the identity of toxin-containing specimens has not been verified with DNA barcode sequencing. Some but not all of the species of ’little brown mushrooms’ in the genus Galerina contain deadly amatoxins at concentrations equaling those in the death cap, Amanita phalloides. solid purple, Naucoriopsis dashed purple, possible Naucoriopsis green, Galerina blue Tubariopsis gold Mycenopsis red Sideroides. Vertical lines designate subgenera as follows: Black, G. +TOX in magenta, α-amanitin is present -TOX in green, no amanitins were detected. Where applicable, the number of collections from the same country with the same sequence is given in parentheses. Sequence names from original identifications are followed by a voucher identifier. A species/clade name is given in each box. Darker grey boxes show delimited but paraphyletic species. Light grey boxes show monophyletic, delimited Galerina species. ![]() Support values are omitted from some deeply nested clades due to graphic constraints. In this maximum likelihood tree numbers at nodes represent bootstrap support >50% from concatenated ITS, LSU and RPB2 data. S1 Fig: Phylogeny showing Galerina collections tested for amatoxins with species delimitations and country of provenance.
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